Electrochemical Cell

ABSTRACT

An electrochemical cell comprises as an anode, a lithium transition metal oxide or sulphide compound which as a [B 2 ]X 4   n-  spinel-type framework structure of an A[B 2 ]S 4  spinel wherein A and B are metal cations selected from Li, Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co, X is oxygen or sulphur, and n- refers to the overall charge of the structural unit [B 2 ]X 4  of the framework structure. The transition metal cation in the fully discharged state has a mean oxidation state greater than +3 for Ti, +3 for V, +3.5 for Mn, +2 for Fe and +2 for Co. The cell includes as a cathode, a lithium metal oxide or sulphide compound. An electrically insulative lithium containing liquid or polymeric electronically conductive electrolyte is provided between the anode and the cathode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/228,734 filed Aug. 27, 2002, which was acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/206,792 filed Mar.4, 1994, abandoned, which claims priority to South African ApplicationNo. 93/6488 filed Sep. 2, 1993. The entire text of each of theabove-referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated by referenceherein without disclaimer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an electrochemical cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, there is provided an electrochemical cellwhich comprises

as at least part of an anode, a lithium transition metal oxide orsulphide compound which has a [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) spinel-type frameworkstructure of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel wherein A and B are metal cationsselected from Li, Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co, X is oxygen (O) or Sulphur (S),and n- refers to the overall charge of the structural unit [B₂]X₄ of theframework structure, and the transition metal cation of which in itsfully discharged state has a mean oxidation state greater than +3 forTi, +3 for V, +3.5 for Mn, +2 for Fe and +2 for Co;

as at least part of a cathode, a lithium metal oxide or sulphidecompound; and

an electrically insulative lithium containing liquid or polymericelectronically conductive electrolyte between the anode and the cathode,such that, on discharging the cell, lithium ions are extracted from thespinel-type framework structure of the anode, with the oxidation stateof the metal ions of the anode thereby increasing, while a concomitantinsertion of lithium ions into the compound of the cathode takes place,with the oxidation state of the metal ions of the cathode decreasingcorrespondingly.

The compounds of the anode and cathode may, in particular, be lithiummetal oxide compounds.

While the cell can be a primary cell, it is envisaged that it may, inparticular, be a rechargeable or secondary cell in which the reversereactions to those set out above, take place during charging of thecell.

Thus, spinel compounds have structures that can be represented by thegeneral formula A[B₂]X₄ given hereinbefore, and in which the X atoms areideally arranged in a cubic-close-packed fashion to form a negativelycharged anion array comprised of face-sharing and edge-sharing Xtetrahedra and octahedra. In the formula A[B₂]X₄, the A cations and Bcations occupy tetrahedral and octahedral sites respectively. In theideal spinel structure, with the origin of the unit cell at the centre (3 m), the close-packed anions are located at the 32e positions of thespace group Fd3m. Each unit cell contains 64 tetrahedral intersticessituated at three crystallographically non-equivalent positions 8a, 8band 48f, and 32 octahedral interstices situated at thecrystallographically non-equivalent positions 16c and 16d. In theA[B₂]X₄ spinel, the A cations reside in the 8a tetrahedral intersticesand the B cations in the 16d octahedral interstices. There are thus 56empty tetrahedral and 16 empty octahedral sites per cubic unit cell.

The framework structure of the lithium metal oxide compound of the anodethus has, as its basic structural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄^(n-) as hereinbefore described.

In the anode of the cell of the present invention, therefore, the Bcations of the [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) host framework structure may be regarded asbeing located at the 16d octahedral positions, and the X anions as beinglocated at the 32e positions of the spinel structure. The tetrahedradefined by the 8a, 8b and 48f positions and the octahedra defined by the16c positions of the spinel structure thus form the interstitial spaceof the [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) framework structure for the diffusion of mobile Li⁺cations.

The B cations of the framework structure may consist of one cationictype, or more than one cationic type of identical or mixed valence toprovide various [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) framework structures, the overall charge ofwhich can vary over a wide range.

Spinel compounds having the [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) framework structure may also becharacterized by crystallographic space groups other than the prototypiccubic space group Fd3m, and may therefore not have the idealcubic-close-packed structures hereinbefore described. For example, inLi_(1+x)[Mn₂]O₄ compounds with 0<x<1, i.e. compounds in which A is Li,and B is Mn, the spinel structure is distorted, as a result of theJahn-Teller Mn³⁺ octahedral site ions, to tetragonal symmetry, and thecompound is characterized by the tetragonal space groups F4₁/ddm, or,alternatively, I4₁/amd in which the tetrahedral and octahedral sitenomenclature differs from that as defined by the space group Fd3m.

Furthermore, the anode need not necessarily be a stoichiometric spinelcompound, but can instead be a defect spinel. Defect spinels are wellknown in the large family of spinel compounds and can have vacancies onthe A sites, or on the B sites, or on both the A sites and B sites. Forexample, compounds can be synthesized in which defects are created byvarying the quantity of B cations in the framework structure such thatadditional Li⁺ cations can enter and leave the framework. I theseinstances additional Li⁺ cations can partially occupy the 16d octahedralsites normally occupied by the B-type cations. Under such circumstancesthese partially occupied octahedra can be considered to form part of theinterstitial space. Conversely, compounds can also be synthesized, inwhich part of the interstitial space defined by the 8a, 8b and 48ftetrahedral and 16c octahedral interstices of the spinel structure canbe occupied by B-type cations, thereby rendering these particular sitesat least partially inaccessible to the mobile Li cations. The [B₂]X₄^(n-) framework structure can contain in certain instances a minorproportion, typically less than 10 atomic percent, of cations other thanthe mobile Li-type cations, or the A and B-type cations, within theframework structure or within the interstitial spaces of the frameworkstructure, and that could serve to stabilize the structure. For example,doped spinels of stoichiometry Li_(1+δ)Mn_(2−δ)O₄ where 0<δ≦0.1 forexample, Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ in which δ=0.03, and LiM_(δ/2)Mn_(2−δ)O₄where M=Mg or Zn and 0<δ≦0.05, for example, LiMg_(0.025)Mn_(1.95)O₄, aremore stable to cycling than the stoichiometric spinel LiMn₂O₄.

The compound of the anode may be a stoichiometric spinel selected fromthe group comprising Li₄Mn₅O₁₂, which can be written as(Li)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Mn_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinel notation;Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, which can be written as (Li)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Ti_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄in ideal spinel notation; LiTi₂O₄ which can be written as(Li)_(8a)[Ti₂]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinel notation; LiV₂O₄, which can bewritten as (Li)_(8a)[V₂]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinel notation; and LiFe₅O₈,which can be written as (Fe)_(8a)[Fe_(1.5)Li_(0.5)]_(16d)O₄ in idealspinel notation.

Instead, the compound of the anode may be a defect spinel selected fromthe group comprising Li₂Mn₄O₉, which can be written as(Li_(0.89)□_(0.11))_(8a)[Mn_(1.78)□_(0.22)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation;and Li₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.In defect spinels, the distribution of Li⁺ on the A and B sites can varyfrom compound to compound.

Instead, the compound of the anode may have a spinel-type structure,which can be a stoichiometric or defect spinel, with a mixture oftransition metal cations such as a lithium-iron-titanium oxide in whichthe lithium and iron cations are located on the A-sites, and lithium,iron and titanium cations on the B-sites.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the transition metalcations, Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co, reside predominantly or completely on theB-sites of the spinel structures, while the Li cations residepredominantly or completely on the A-sites of the structure.

The lithium metal oxide compound of the cathode may also have aspinel-type framework structure. Thus, the framework structure of thelithium metal oxide compound of the cathode may then also have, as itsbasic structural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) of an A[B₂]X₄spinel, as hereinbefore described, with the transition metal cations ofthe anode being more electropositive than those of the cathode.

In the compound of the cathode, A and B may be a metal cation of onetype, or a mixture of different metal cations. The compound of thecathode may be a stoichiometric or defect spinel compound, ashereinbefore described.

When the compound of the cathode has a spinel-type structure, it may beselected from the group having as its B-type cations Li, Mn, Co or Ni,or mixtures thereof, such as Li_(x)Mn₂O₄ wherein 0<x≦1 and Li_(x)Co₂O₄where 0<x≦2, optionally doped with additional metal cations to stabilizethe structure as hereinbefore described.

Instead, the compound of the cathode may have another structure type,for example a layered type structure such as that found within a systemdefined by a formula Li_(x)Co_(1−y)Ni_(y)O₂ wherein 0≦y≦1 and 0<x≦1.

In general, the anode compound will be selected from those spinelcompounds that offer a relatively low voltage versus pure lithium,typically those that offer 3V or less, while the cathode compound willbe selected from those spinel compounds that offer a relatively highvoltage versus pure lithium, typically those that offer between 4.5V and3V. For example, a Li/Li_(4+x)Ti₅O₁₂ cell delivers on discharge at 100μA/cm² (for 0<x<1) an average voltage of approximately 1.5V, while aLi/Li_(x)Mn₂O₄ cell delivers on discharge at 100 μA/cm² (for 0<x<1) anaverage voltage of approximately 4V. Therefore, a cell in accordancewith the invention can have Li_(4+x)Ti₅O₁₂ as an anode and Li_(x)Mn₂O₄as a cathode, and will deliver approximately 2.5V on discharge and whichis approximately twice the voltage of a nickel-cadmium cell. In anotherexample, a Li/Li₂Mn₄O₉ cell delivers a voltage of approximately 2.8Vover most of the discharge. Thus, a cell in accordance with theinvention can have a Li_(2+x)Mn₄O₉ anode and Li_(x)Mn₂O₄ as cathode, anddelivers approximately 1.2V on discharge, which is the typical voltageof a nickel-cadmium cell. It is convenient to load such cells in adischarged state, i.e., which the following configurations:

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/LiMn₂O₄  (1)

Li₂Mn₄O₉/Electrolyte/LiMn₂O₄  (2)

Although it is convenient to load such cells in a discharged state, thecells may also be loaded in the charged state, if so desired. In thisrespect, the anodes of the invention have lithiated spinel structuresand delithiated spinel structures that have the [B₂]X₄ spinel frameworkas defined hereinbefore.

In (1), Li⁺ ions are extracted from Li[Mn₂]O₄ during charge with aconcomitant exodation of the manganese ions from an average valence of3.5 to higher values, and inserted into the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrodestructure with a concomitant reduction of the titanium cations from theaverage valence state of +4 to lower values. During this process, Li⁺ions are shuttled between the oxide structures without the formation ofany metallic lithium, the cell voltage being derived from changes in theoxidation state of the transition metal cations in the anode and cathodestructures.

The electrolyte may be a room temperature electrolyte such as LiClO₄,LiBF₄, or LiPF₆ dissolved in an appropriate organic salt such aspropylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate,dimethoxyethane, or appropriate mixtures thereof. Instead, however, itmay be any appropriate polymeric electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide(PEO)-LiClO₄, PEO-LiSO₃CF₃ and PEO-LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂, that operates at roomtemperature or at elevated temperature, e.g., at about 120° C.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described by way of non-limiting examples, andwith reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows powder X-ray diffraction patterns of compounds suitable foruse as anode materials in rechargeable electrochemical cells accordingto the invention;

FIG. 2 shows powder X-ray diffraction patterns of compounds suitable foruse as cathode materials in rechargeable electrochemical cells accordingto the invention;

FIG. 3 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a known Li/Li₂Mn₄O₉ cell;

FIG. 4 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a known Li/Li₄Mn₅O₁₂cell;

FIG. 5 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a known Li/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂cell;

FIG. 6 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a known Li/LiFe₅O₈ cell;

FIG. 7 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a Li/Li—Fe—Ti oxide cell;

FIG. 8 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a known Li/LiMn₂O₄ cell;

FIG. 9 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a knownLi/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ cell;

FIG. 10 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for a known Li/LiCoO₂ cell;

FIG. 11 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for the cell of Example 1and which is in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 12 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for the cell of Example 2and which is in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 13 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for the cell of Example 2and which is in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 14 shows a plot of voltage vs capacity for the cell of Example 4and which is in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 15 shows plots of voltage vs capacity for the cells of Examples 5and 6 and which are in accordance with the invention; and

FIG. 16 shows a cyclic voltammogram of the Li/Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel cellof Example 7.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The following stoichiometric spinel and defect spinel compounds wereselected for use as anode materials in the examples followinghereinafter:

a) Li₂Mn₄O₉

b) Li₄Mn₅O₁₂

c) Li₄Ti₅O₁₂

d) LiFe₅O₈

e) Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel in which Li:Fe:Ti=2:2:1

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of these compounds are given in FIG. 1a-e respectively.

The following spinel and non-spinel compounds were selected for use ascathode materials in the examples following hereinafter:

a) LiMn₂O₄ (spinel-type structure)

b) Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (spinel-type structure)

c) LiCoO₂ (layered-type structure)

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of these compounds are given in FIG. 2a-c respectively.

Example 1

In view thereof that a Li/Li₂Mn₄O₉ cell delivers on discharge 150 mAh/gat an average voltage of approximately 2.8V, as indicated in FIG. 3, anda Li/LiMn₂O₄ cell delivers on discharge 120 mAH/g at an average voltageof approximately 3.8V, as indicated in FIG. 8, a cell in accordance withthe invention and having the configurationLi₂Mn₄O₉(anode)/Electrolyte/LiMn₂O₄(cathode) (2) was constructed.

The LiMn₂O₄ spinel compound of the cathode was synthesized by reactionof LiOH and γ—MnO₂ (chemically-prepared manganese dioxide, CMD) firstlyat 450° for 48 hours and thereafter at 750° for 48 hours. The powerX-ray diffraction pattern of this compound is shown in FIG. 2 a.

Li₂Mn₄O₉ was synthesized by reaction of LiOH and MnCO₃ at 345° for 32hours. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of this compound is shown inFIG. 1 a. The pattern is predominantly characteristic of the Li₂Mn₄O₉defect spinel phase, but contains in addition a few very weak peaks, forexample at 42°2θ and 53°2θ, that are indicative of a very minorproportion of lithiated γ—MnO₂ phase.

A cell of the format Li₂Mn₄O₉/Electrolyte/LiMn₂O₄ (2) was thenconstructed. The electrolyte used was 1M LiClO₄ in propylene carbonate.The first 9 charge and 8 discharge cycles of the cell are shown in FIG.11. A current of 0.1 mA was employed for both charge and discharge. Thecell was cycled between upper and lower voltage limits of 1.5V and 0.45Vrespectively.

Example 2

In view thereof that a Li/Li₄MN₅O₁₂ cell delivers on discharge 150 mAh/gat an average voltage of approximately 2.7V, as indicated in FIG. 4, anda Li/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ cell delivers on discharge 100 mAh/g at anaverage voltage of approximately 3.9V, as indicated in FIG. 9, a cell inaccordance with the invention and having the configurationLi₄Mn₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (3) was constructed.

The Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ spinel compound of the cathode was synthesizedby the reaction of LiOh and γ—MnO₂ (chemically-prepared manganesedioxide, CMD) firstly at 450° C. for 48 hours and thereafter at 650° for48 hours. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of this compound is shownin FIG. 2 b.

Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ was synthesized by the reaction of Li₂CO₃ and MnCO₃ at 400° C.for 10 hours. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of this compound isshown in FIG. 1 b. The pattern is predominantly characteristic of theLi₄Mn₅O₁₂ spinel phase.

A cell of the format Li₄Mn₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (3) wasthen constructed. The electrolyte used was 1M LiClO₄ in propylenecarbonate. The first 5 charge/discharge cycles of the cell are shown inFIG. 12. A current of 0.1 mA was employed for both charge and discharge.The cell was cycled between upper and lower voltage limits of 1.6V and0.5V respectively.

EXAMPLE 3

In view thereof that a Li/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cell delivers on discharge 120 mAh/gat an average voltage of approximately 1.5V, as indicated in FIG. 5, anda Li/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ cell delivers on discharge 100 mAh/g at anaverage voltage of approximately 3.9V, as indicated in FIG. 9, a cell inaccordance with the invention and having the configurationLi₄Ti₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (4) was constructed.

The Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ spinel compound of the cathode was synthesizedas in Example 2.

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ was synthesized by the reaction of Li₂CO₃ and TiO₂, using aLi/Ti atomic ratio of 0.87, at 500° C. for 12 hours and at 1000° C. for24 hours. A slight excess of lithium was used because of the volatilityof Li₂O at that temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern ofthis compound is shown in FIG. 1 c. The pattern is predominantlycharacteristic of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ spinel phase.

A cell of the format Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (4) wasthen constructed. The electrolyte used was 1M LiClO₄ in propylenecarbonate. The first 7 charge/discharge cycles of the cell are shown inFIG. 13. A current of 0.1 mA was employed for both charge and discharge.The cell was cycled between upper and lower voltage limits of 2.8V and1.9V respectively.

Example 4

In view thereof that a Li/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cell delivers on discharge 120mA.Hrs/g at an average voltage of approximately 1.5V, as indicated inFIG. 5, and a Li/LiCoO₂ cell delivers on discharge 140 mA.Hrs/g at anaverage voltage of approximately 3.9V, as indicated in FIG. 10, a cellin accordance with the invention and having the configurationLi₄Ti₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/LiCoO₂ (5) was constructed.

The LiCoO₂ spinel compound of the cathode was synthesized by thereaction of CoCO₃ and Li₂CO₃ firstly at 400° C. for 48 hours andthereafter at 900° C. for 48 hours. The powder X-ray diffraction patternof this compound is shown in FIG. 2 c.

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ synthesized as in Example 3, was used for the anode in thisexample.

A cell of the format Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Electrolyte/LiCoO₂ (5) was thenconstructed. The electrolyte used was 1M LiCoO₄ in propylene carbonate.The first 3 charge/discharge cycles of the cell are shown in FIG. 14. Acurrent of 0.1 mA was employed for both charge and discharge. The cellwas cycled between upper and lower voltage limits of 2.8V and 1.9Vrespectively.

Example 5

In view thereof that a Li/LiFe₅O₈ cell delivers on discharge 100 mAh/gat an average voltage of approximately 1.0V, as indicated in FIG. 6, anda Li/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ cell delivers on discharge 100 mAh/g at anaverage voltage of approximately 3.9V, as indicated in FIG. 9, a cell inaccordance with the invention and having the configurationLiFe₅O₈/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (6) was constructed.

The Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ spinel compound of the cathode was synthesizedas in Example 2.

LiFe₅O₈ was synthesized by reacting of Li₂CO₃ and α—Fe₂O₃ in a 1:5 molarratio at 900° C. for 24 hours. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern ofthis compound is shown in FIG. 1 d.

A cell of the format LiFe₅O₈/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (6) wasthen constructed. The electrolyte used was 1M LiClO₄ in propylenecarbonate. The first charge cycle of the cell is shown in FIG. 15 a. Acurrent of 0.1 mA was employed for both charge and discharge. The cellhad an upper voltage limit of 4.1V.

Example 6

In view thereof that a Li/Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel cell delivers ondischarge 80 mAh/g at an average voltage of approximately 0.6V, asindicated in FIG. 7, and a Li/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ cell delivers ondischarge 100 mAh/g at an average voltage of approximately 3.9V, asindicated in FIG. 9, a cell in accordance with the invention and havingthe configuration Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄(7) was constructed.

The Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ spinel compound of the cathode was synthesizedas in Example 2.

A Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel was synthesized by the reaction of Li₂CO₃ andFe₂TiO₅, using a Li:Fe:Ti atomic ratio of 2:2:1, at 500° C. for 6 hoursand at 900° C. for 16 hours. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern ofthis compound is shown in FIG. 1 e. The pattern is predominantlycharacteristic of a spinel-type phase.

A cell of the format Li—Fe—Ti oxidespinel/Electrolyte/Li_(1.03)Mn_(1.97)O₄ (7) was then constructed. Theelectrolyte used was 1M LiClO₄ in propylene carbonate. The first chargecycle of the cell is shown in FIG. 15 b. A current of 0.1 mA wasemployed for both charge and discharge. The cell had an upper voltagelimit of 4.4V.

Example 7

A Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel was synthesized by the reaction Li₂CO₃ andFe₂TiO₃ using a Li:Fe:Ti atomic ratio of 1:2:1 at 500° C. for 6 hours,and thereafter at 900° C. for 16 hours. A cyclic voltammogram of aLi/Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel cell with an electrolyte of 1M LiCO₄ inpropylene carbonate is shown in FIG. 16. It shows the rechargeablecharacteristics of the Li—Fe—Ti oxide spinel electrode, and inparticular, the rechargeability of the Li insertion/extraction reactionthat occurs at approximately 1.5V versus lithium.

Examples 5, 6 and 7 show, in particular, the potential of usingspinel-type oxides containing iron as anodes because they provide a lowvoltage against lithium. Furthermore, the experimental data provided inthe examples demonstrate the ability of transition metal oxides toprovide an electrochemical couple for ‘rocking chair’ rechargeablelithium cells in which lithium ions are transported between the twotransition metal oxide electrodes, the anode of which has a spinel-typestructure, and which uses a liquid or polymeric electrolyte containingLi⁺ ions. The electrochemical cells of the invention thus contain nometallic lithium anode, and are therefore inherently safer than lithiumcells containing metallic lithium anodes and, indeed, lithium-carbonanodes. In particular, such cells have an added advantage of providing amore constant operating voltage than cells with carbon anodes. Althoughthe cells of the invention are designed primarily for the use asrechargeable cells, they can also, as indicated hereinbefore, beutilized as primary cells, if desired.

Although the principles of this invention have been demonstrated by useof lithium-metal oxide compounds, the compounds of the electrodes,instead of being oxides, can be sulphides.

1. An electrochemical cell, comprising: as at least part of an anode, alithium transition metal oxide compound which has a [B₂]X₄ ^(n-)spinel-type framework structure of an A[B₂]X₄ stoichiometric spinel ordefect spinel wherein A and B comprise metal cations selected from thegroup consisting of Li, Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co with the proviso that atleast one of A and B comprises Li and at least one of A and B comprisesTi, V, Mn, Fe and/or Co, X is oxygen (O), and n- refers to the overallcharge of the structural unit [B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, and thetransition metal cation of which in the fully discharged state of thecell has a mean oxidation state greater than +3 for Ti, +3 for V, 3.5for Mn, +2 for Fe and +2 for Co; as at least part of a cathode, alithium metal oxide compound; and an electrically insulative, lithiumcontaining, liquid or polymeric, ionically conductive electrolytebetween the anode and the cathode, such that, on discharging the cell,lithium ions are extracted from the spinel-type framework structure ofthe anode, with the oxidation state of the metal ions of the anodethereby increasing, while a concomitant insertion of lithium ions intothe compound of the cathode takes place, with the oxidation state of themetal ions of the cathode decreasing correspondingly.
 2. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises astoichiometric spinel selected from the group consisting of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂,which can be written as (Li)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Ti_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄ in idealspinel notation; LiV₂O₄, which can be written as (Li)_(8a)[V₂]_(16d)O₄in ideal spinel notation; and LiFe₅O₈, which can be written as(Fe)_(8a)[Fe_(1.5)Li_(0.5)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinel notation.
 3. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇,which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation,and which is a defect spinel.
 4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1,wherein the anode comprises a lithium-iron-titanium oxide having aspinel-type structure and in which A comprises lithium and iron cations,while B comprises lithium, iron and titanium cations.
 5. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein, in the compound of the anode,the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, within the framework structureor within interstitial spaces present in the framework structure,additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other A and Bcations to stabilize the structure, with the additional metal cationsbeing present in an amount less than 10 atomic percent.
 6. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxidecompound of the cathode also has a spinel-type framework structure. 7.The electrochemical cell of claim 6, wherein the framework structure ofthe lithium metal oxide compound of the cathode has as its basicstructural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-), where [B₂]X₄ ^(n-)is the structural unit of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel, with the X anions beingarranged to form a negatively charged anion array, and wherein Acomprises a lithium cation; B comprises at least one metal cation; X isoxygen (O); and n- refers to the overall charge of the structural unit[B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, with the transition metal cations ofthe anode being more electropositive than those of the cathode.
 8. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 7, wherein, in the compound of thecathode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, within the frameworkstructure or within interstitial spaces present in the frameworkstructure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other Aand B cations to stabilize the structure, with the additional metalcations being present in an amount less than 10 atomic percent.
 9. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 8, wherein the cathode comprisesLi_(1+δ)Mn_(2−δ)O₄ where 0<δ≦0.1.
 10. The electrochemical cell of claim8, wherein the cathode comprises LiM_(δ/2)Mn_(2−δ)O₄ where M=Mg or Znand 0<δ≦0.05.
 11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein thelithium metal oxide compound of the cathode has a layered structureconforming to the formula Li_(x)Co_(1−y)Ni_(y)O₂ where 0<x≦1 and 0≦y≦1.12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is aroom temperature electrolyte selected from the group consisting ofLiClO₄, LiBF₄, and LiPF₆ dissolved in an organic solvent selected fromthe group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate,dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane and mixtures thereof.
 13. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is a polymericelectrolyte selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide(PEO)-LiClO₄, PEO-LiSO₃CF₃, and PEO-LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂.
 14. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises a spinel ofLiFe₅O₈, which can be written as (Fe)_(8a)[Fe_(1.5)Li_(0.5)]_(16d)O₄ inideal spinel notation or Li₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinelnotation.
 15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein, in thelithium transition metal oxide compound of the anode, both A and Bcomprise Li and either B additionally comprises Ti, V, Mn, Fe and/or Co,or both A and B additionally comprise Ti, V, Mn, Fe and/or Co.
 16. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein, in the lithium transitionmetal oxide compound of the anode, A comprises Li and B comprises Li andTi.
 17. The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the anodecomprises a stoichiometric or defect spinel further defined as Li₂Ti₃O₇,which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinelnotation.
 18. The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein, in thecompound of the anode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, withinthe framework structure or within interstitial spaces present in theframework structure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions andthe other A and B cations to stabilize the structure, with theadditional metal cations being present in an amount less than 10 atomicpercent.
 19. The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the lithiummetal oxide compound of the cathode also has a spinel-type frameworkstructure.
 20. The electrochemical cell of claim 19, wherein theframework structure of the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathodehas as its basic structural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-),where [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) is the structural unit of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel, with theX anions being arranged to form a negatively charged anion array, andwherein A comprises a lithium cation; B comprises at least one metalcation; X is oxygen (O); and n- refers to the overall charge of thestructural unit [B2]X4 of the framework structure, with the transitionmetal cations of the anode being more electropositive than those of thecathode.
 21. The electrochemical cell of claim 20, wherein, in thecompound of the cathode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, withinthe framework structure or within interstitial spaces present in theframework structure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions andthe other A and B cations to stabilize the structure, with theadditional metal cations being present in an amount less than 10 atomicpercent.
 22. The electrochemical cell of claim 20, wherein the cathodecomprises Li_(1+δ)Mn_(2−δ)O₄ where 0<δ≦0.1.
 23. The electrochemical cellof claim 20, wherein the cathode comprises LiM_(δ/2)Mn_(2−δ)O₄, whereM=Mg or Zn and 0<δ≦0.05.
 24. The electrochemical cell of claim 20,wherein the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathode has a layeredstructure conforming to the formula Li_(x)Co_(1−y)Ni_(y)O₂ where 0<x≦1and 0≦y≦1.
 25. The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein theelectrolyte is a room temperature electrolyte selected from the groupconsisting of LiClO₄, LiBF₄, and LiPF₆ dissolved in an organic solventselected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylenecarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane and mixtures thereof. 26.The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the electrolyte is apolymeric electrolyte selected from the group consisting of polyethyleneoxide (PEO)— LiClO₄, PEO-LiSO₃CF₃, and PEO-LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂.
 27. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises the lithiumtransition metal oxide compound which has a [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) spinel-typeframework structure of an A[B₂]X₄ stoichiometric spinel or defect spineland which has a composition from(Li₁□₀)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Ti_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄ to(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(0.29) Li_(1.71)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinelnotation, and the transition metal cation of which in the fullydischarged state of the cell has a mean oxidation state greater than +3for Ti.
 28. The electrochemical cell of claim 27, wherein the frameworkstructure of the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathode has as itsbasic structural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-), where [B₂]X₄^(n-) is the structural unit of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel, with the X anionsbeing arranged to form a negatively charged anion array, and wherein Acomprises a lithium cation; B comprises at least one metal cation; X isoxygen (O); n- refers to the overall charge of the structural unit[B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, with the transition metal cations ofthe anode being more electropositive than those of the cathode; and the[B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, within the framework structure orwithin interstitial spaces present in the framework structure,additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other A and Bcations to stabilize the structure, with the additional metal cationsbeing present in an amount less than 10 atomic percent.
 29. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein: in the lithium transitionmetal oxide compound of the anode, A comprises Li and B comprises Li andTi; and the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathode has astoichiometric spinel or defect spinel structure, with any such spinelstructure having, as its basic structural unit, a unit of the formula[B₂]X₄ ^(n-), where [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) is the structural unit of an A[B₂]X₄spinel, with the X anions being arranged to form a negatively chargedanion array, and wherein A comprises a lithium cation; B comprises atleast two metal cations, of which one is manganese and the other is notmanganese; X is oxygen (O); and n- refers to the overall charge of thestructural unit [B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, with the transitionmetal cations of the anode being more electropositive than those of thecathode.
 30. The electrochemical cell of claim 29, wherein the [B₂]X₄framework structure of the cathode contains, within the frameworkstructure or within interstitial spaces present in the frameworkstructure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other Aand B cations with the additional metal cations being present in anamount less than 10 atomic percent.
 31. The electrochemical cell ofclaim 29, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.32. The electrochemical cell of claim 29, wherein, in the compound ofthe anode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, within the frameworkstructure or within interstitial spaces present in the frameworkstructure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other Aand B cations with the additional metal cations being present in anamount less than 10 atomic percent.
 33. The electrochemical cell ofclaim 29, wherein the cathode comprises Li_(1+δ)Mn_(2−δ)O₄ where0<δ≦0.1.
 34. The electrochemical cell of claim 33, wherein the anodecomprises Li₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.35. The electrochemical cell of claim 33, wherein δ=0.03.
 36. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 35, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇,which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.37. The electrochemical cell of claim 29, wherein the cathode comprisesLiM_(δ/2)Mn_(2−δ)O₄, where M=Mg or Zn and 0<δ≦0.05.
 38. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 37, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇,which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.39. The electrochemical cell of claim 29, wherein the electrolyte is aroom temperature electrolyte selected from the group consisting ofLiClO₄, LiBF₄, and LiPF₆ dissolved in an organic solvent selected fromthe group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate,dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane and mixtures thereof.
 40. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 29, wherein the electrolyte is a polymericelectrolyte selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide(PEO)-LiClO₄, PEO-LiSO₃CF₃, and PEO-LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂.
 41. An electrochemicalcell, comprising: as at least part of an anode, a lithium transitionmetal oxide compound which has a [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) spinel-type frameworkstructure of an A[B₂]X₄ stoichiometric spinel or defect spinel wherein Aand B comprise metal cations selected from the group consisting of Li,Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co with the proviso that both A and B comprise Li andeither B additionally comprises Ti, V, Mn, Fe and/or Co, or both A and Badditionally comprise Ti, V, Mn, Fe and/or Co, X is oxygen (O), and n-refers to the overall charge of the structural unit [B₂]X₄ of theframework structure, and the transition metal cation of which in thefully discharged state of the cell has a mean oxidation state greaterthan +3 for Ti, +3 for V, 3.5 for Mn, +2 for Fe and +2 for Co; as atleast part of a cathode, a lithium metal oxide compound; and anelectrically insulative, lithium containing, liquid or polymeric,ionically conductive electrolyte between the anode and the cathode, suchthat, on discharging the cell, lithium ions are extracted from thespinel-type framework structure of the anode, with the oxidation stateof the metal ions of the anode thereby increasing, while a concomitantinsertion of lithium ions into the compound of the cathode takes place,with the oxidation state of the metal ions of the cathode decreasingcorrespondingly.
 42. An electrochemical cell, comprising: as at leastpart of an anode, a lithium transition metal oxide compound which has a[B₂]X₄ ^(n-) spinel-type framework structure of an A[B₂]X₄stoichiometric spinel or defect spinel wherein A comprises Li, Bcomprises Li and Ti, X is oxygen (O), and n- refers to the overallcharge of the structural unit [B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, and thetransition metal cation of which in the fully discharged state of thecell has a mean oxidation state greater than +3 for Ti; as at least partof a cathode, a lithium metal oxide compound; and an electricallyinsulative, lithium containing, liquid or polymeric, ionicallyconductive electrolyte between the anode and the cathode, such that, ondischarging the cell, lithium ions are extracted from the spinel-typeframework structure of the anode, with the oxidation state of the metalions of the anode thereby increasing, while a concomitant insertion oflithium ions into the compound of the cathode takes place, with theoxidation state of the metal ions of the cathode decreasingcorrespondingly.
 43. The electrochemical cell of claim 42, wherein theanode comprises a stoichiometric or defect spinel selected from thegroup consisting of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, which can be written as(Li)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Ti_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinel notation, orLi₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinelnotation.
 44. The electrochemical cell of claim 43, wherein the anode isfurther defined as comprising a stoichiometric spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, whichcan be written as (Li)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Ti_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinelnotation.
 45. The electrochemical cell of claim 42, wherein, in thecompound of the anode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, withinthe framework structure or within interstitial spaces present in theframework structure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions andthe other A and B cations to stabilize the structure, with theadditional metal cations being present in an amount less than 10 atomicpercent.
 46. The electrochemical cell of claim 42, wherein the lithiummetal oxide compound of the cathode also has a spinel-type frameworkstructure.
 47. The electrochemical cell of claim 46, wherein theframework structure of the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathodehas as its basic structural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-),where [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) is the structural unit of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel, with theX anions being arranged to form a negatively charged anion array, andwherein A comprises a lithium cation; B comprises at least one metalcation; X is oxygen (O); and n- refers to the overall charge of thestructural unit [B2]X4 of the framework structure, with the transitionmetal cations of the anode being more electropositive than those of thecathode.
 48. The electrochemical cell of claim 47, wherein, in thecompound of the cathode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, withinthe framework structure or within interstitial spaces present in theframework structure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions andthe other A and B cations to stabilize the structure, with theadditional metal cations being present in an amount less than 10 atomicpercent.
 49. The electrochemical cell of claim 47, wherein the cathodecomprises Li_(1+δ)Mn_(2−δ)O₄, where 0<δ≦0.1.
 50. The electrochemicalcell of claim 47, wherein the cathode comprises LiM_(δ/2)Mn_(2−δ)O₄,where M=Mg or Zn and 0<δ≦0.05.
 51. The electrochemical cell of claim 47,wherein the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathode has a layeredstructure conforming to the formula Li_(x)Co_(1−y)Ni_(y)O₂ where 0≦x≦1and 0≦y≦1.
 52. The electrochemical cell of claim 42, wherein theelectrolyte is a room temperature electrolyte selected from the groupconsisting of LiClO₄, LiBF₄, and LiPF₆ dissolved in an organic solventselected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylenecarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane and mixtures thereof. 53.The electrochemical cell of claim 42, wherein the electrolyte is apolymeric electrolyte selected from the group consisting of polyethyleneoxide (PEO)-LiClO₄, PEO-LiSO₃CF₃, and PEO-LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂.
 54. Anelectrochemical cell, comprising: as at least part of an anode, alithium transition metal oxide compound which has a [B₂]X₄ ^(n-)spinel-type framework structure of an A[B₂]X₄ stoichiometric spinel ordefect spinel having a composition from(Li₁□₀)_(8a)[Li_(0.33)Ti_(1.67)]_(16d)O₄ to(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(0.29)Li_(1.71)]_(16d)O₄ in ideal spinelnotation, and the transition metal cation of which in the fullydischarged state of the cell has a mean oxidation state greater than +3for Ti; as at least part of a cathode, a lithium metal oxide compound;and an electrically insulative, lithium containing, liquid or polymeric,ionically conductive electrolyte between the anode and the cathode, suchthat, on discharging the cell, lithium ions are extracted from thespinel-type framework structure of the anode, with the oxidation stateof the metal ions of the anode thereby increasing, while a concomitantinsertion of lithium ions into the compound of the cathode takes place,with the oxidation state of the metal ions of the cathode decreasingcorrespondingly.
 55. The electrochemical cell of claim 54, wherein theframework structure of the lithium metal oxide compound of the cathodehas as its basic structural unit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-),where [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) is the structural unit of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel, with theX anions being arranged to form a negatively charged anion array, andwherein A comprises a lithium cation; B comprises at least one metalcation; X is oxygen (O); n- refers to the overall charge of thestructural unit [B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, with the transitionmetal cations of the anode being more electropositive than those of thecathode; and the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, within theframework structure or within interstitial spaces present in theframework structure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions andthe other A and B cations to stabilize the structure, with theadditional metal cations being present in an amount less than 10 atomicpercent.
 56. An electrochemical cell, comprising: as at least part of ananode, a lithium transition metal oxide compound which has a [B₂]X₄^(n-) spinel-type framework structure of an A[B₂]X₄ stoichiometricspinel or defect spinel wherein A comprises Li, B comprises Li and Ti, Xis oxygen (O), and n- refers to the overall charge of the structuralunit [B₂]X₄ of the framework structure, and the transition metal cationof which in the fully discharged state of the cell has a mean oxidationstate greater than +3 for Ti; as at least part of a cathode, a lithiummetal oxide compound having a stoichiometric spinel or defect spinelstructure, any such a spinel structure having, as its basic structuralunit, a unit of the formula [B₂]X₄ ^(n-), where [B₂]X₄ ^(n-) is thestructural unit of an A[B₂]X₄ spinel, with the X anions being arrangedto form a negatively charged anion array, and wherein A comprises alithium cation; B comprises at least two metal cations, of which one ismanganese and the other is not manganese; X is oxygen (O); and n- refersto the overall charge of the structural unit [B₂]X₄ of the frameworkstructure, with the transition metal cations of the anode being moreelectropositive than those of the cathode; and an electricallyinsulative, lithium containing, liquid or polymeric, ionicallyconductive electrolyte between the anode and the cathode, such that, ondischarging the cell, lithium ions are extracted from the spinel-typeframework structure of the anode, with the oxidation state of the metalions of the anode thereby increasing, while a concomitant insertion oflithium ions into the compound of the cathode takes place, with theoxidation state of the metal ions of the cathode decreasingcorrespondingly.
 57. The electrochemical cell of claim 56, wherein the[B₂]X₄ framework structure of the cathode contains, within the frameworkstructure or within interstitial spaces present in the frameworkstructure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other Aand B cations, with the additional metal cations being present in anamount less than 10 atomic percent.
 58. The electrochemical cell ofclaim 56, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.59. The electrochemical cell of claim 56, wherein, in the compound ofthe anode, the [B₂]X₄ framework structure contains, within the frameworkstructure or within interstitial spaces present in the frameworkstructure, additional metal cations to the lithium ions and the other Aand B cations, with the additional metal cations being present in anamount less than 10 atomic percent.
 60. The electrochemical cell ofclaim 56, wherein the cathode comprises Li_(1+δ)Mn_(2−δ)O₄ where0<δ≦0.1.
 61. The electrochemical cell of claim 60, wherein the anodecomprises Li₂Ti₃O₇, which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.62. The electrochemical cell of claim 60, wherein δ=0.03.
 63. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 62, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇,which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.64. The electrochemical cell of claim 56, wherein the cathode comprisesLiM_(δ/2)Mn_(2−δ)O₄, where M=Mg or Zn and 0<δ≦0.05.
 65. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 64, wherein the anode comprises Li₂Ti₃O₇,which can be written as(Li_(0.85)□_(0.15))_(8a)[Ti_(1.71)Li_(0.29)]_(16d)O₄ in spinel notation.66. The electrochemical cell of claim 56, wherein the electrolyte is aroom temperature electrolyte selected from the group consisting ofLiClO₄, LiBF₄, and LiPF₆ dissolved in an organic solvent selected fromthe group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate,dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane and mixtures thereof.
 67. Theelectrochemical cell of claim 56, wherein the electrolyte is a polymericelectrolyte selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide(PEO)-LiClO₄, PEO-LiSO₃CF₃, and PEO-LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂.